40
CPSC NEISS Data 2005–2024

Fire Or Smoke Alarms

Twenty years of CPSC NEISS emergency-room records for this consumer product category, combined with demographic breakdowns, multi-year injury trends, and matching recall notices.

Home Heating & Cooling Equipment · CPSC Code 702

Up 38% over 5 years

The verdict

Fire Or Smoke Alarms carry a danger score of 40/100 (moderate risk), driven by roughly 1,555 ER-treated injuries a year that are rising by about 38% over the last five years.

40/100
danger score (moderate risk)
1,555
ER visits per year (avg)
11.2%
end in hospital admission
75+
most-injured age group

Every figure is rendered from the CPSC NEISS record for product code 702 - last data year 2024.

PlainSafety danger score

0/100100/10040/100
PlainSafety danger score

Source: CPSC NEISS danger-score model As of 2024

How this 40/100 score is built

The score is computed from four CPSC-derived factors for fire or smoke alarms - no opinion, no editorializing:

  • Injury volume1,555 ER visits/yr
  • Severity (hospitalization rate)11.2%
  • Fatality rate0.00%
  • 5-year trend+38%

See the full methodology for the exact weighting of each factor.

What the CPSC Data Shows

Fire Or Smoke Alarms (CPSC product code 702, in the Home Heating & Cooling Equipment category) generate an estimated 1,555 emergency-room visits every year in the United States, adding up to roughly 31,096 ER-treated injuries across the 20-year span from 2005 to 2024. PlainSafety derives a danger score of 40/100 for this category (moderate risk), combining raw injury volume, demographic reach, severity of outcome, and multi-year trend. The five-year trajectory shows that injury counts are rising by about 38% over the last five years, with the busiest year on record being 2024 (3,261 estimated ER visits) and the quietest 2010 (614 estimated visits).

The single most common ER diagnosis for fire or smoke alarms is anoxia to the all parts body, accounting for approximately 6,234 visits across the 20-year NEISS window, followed by internal injury to the head (2,497 cases). The 75+ age group absorbs the largest share of injuries, about 5,802 cases over the NEISS window, and females appear slightly more often than the opposite sex in that cohort. Severity outcomes from the NEISS disposition field show that 11.2% of ER visits involving this product end in hospital admission or transfer.

Beyond the hospital-sampled NEISS projections, this page also aggregates 260 consumer incident reports filed directly on SaferProducts.gov, plus 20 anonymized ER narratives - together forming a layered picture of how fire or smoke alarms fail in real households. Every figure on this page comes from CPSC-published data: NEISS projects national estimates from a probability sample of about 100 U.S. hospital emergency departments, while SaferProducts.gov collects voluntary reports from consumers, manufacturers, and clinicians. The danger score, trend indicators, and demographic breakdowns update automatically when CPSC releases a new yearly NEISS file, which is why this page is dated 2024-12-31. For regulatory context, consult CPSC recall notices and the SaferProducts.gov public database linked below.

1,555
Injuries / Year
11.2%
Hospitalization Rate
0.00%
Fatality Rate

Annual Injury Estimates (2005–2024)

01K2K3K4K 20052008201120142017202020232024 3K
Estimated annual emergency-room visits for Fire Or Smoke Alarms, CPSC NEISS

Source: CPSC NEISS national injury estimates As of 2024

Source: CPSC NEISS national estimates CPSC NEISS national estimates Injuries represent ER-treated cases only

Who Gets Injured?

Age Group Male Female Total
0-4 551 247 798
5-14 1,580 678 2,258
15-24 1,608 1,540 3,148
25-34 1,789 2,474 4,263
35-44 1,198 958 2,156
45-54 1,438 2,492 3,930
55-64 2,462 2,160 4,622
65-74 1,988 2,133 4,121
75+ 2,226 3,576 5,802

Most Common Injuries

Body Part Diagnosis Est. Injuries
All Parts Body Anoxia 6,234
Head Internal Injury 2,497
Face Laceration 991
Head Laceration 955
Lower Trunk Fracture 911
Upper Trunk Fracture 799
Not Stated/unk Other 779
Upper Trunk Other 754
Head Concussion 623
All Parts Body Poisoning 617
Upper Trunk Contusions, Abr. 605
Lower Trunk Contusions, Abr. 601
Foot Fracture 599
Ankle Fracture 537
Shoulder Other 505

Severity Breakdown

Treated/examined And Released 84.5% (26,265)
Treated And Admitted/hospitalized 12.0% (3,734)
Left Without Being Seen 1.5% (481)
Treated And Transferred 1.1% (332)
Held For Observation 0.9% (273)

ER Visit Narratives

Real anonymized emergency room reports from the CPSC NEISS database.

Age 47 · Female · All Parts Body · Anoxia · 2024

47 YOF C/O SMOKE INHALATION, WOKE UP TO SMOKE ALARM, PT WAS IN AND OUT OF HOUSE TO REMOVE CHILDREN AND ANIMALS DX MILD SMOKE INHALATION FROM HOUSE FIRE

Age 8 · Female · All Parts Body · Anoxia · 2024

8 YOF C/O SMOKE INHALATION FROM UPSTAIRS HOUSE FIRE, PT WAS DOWNSTAIRS ABLE TO EVACUATE AFTER FIRE ALARM WENT OFF DX MILD SMOKE INHALATION FROM HOUSE FIRE

Age 13 · Male · Hand · Burn, Scald · 2024

13 YOM WAS FRYING POTATOES AND SMOKE ALARM WENT OFF, CAUSING HIM TO THROW THE PAN OF HOT OIL AND CAUSING OIL TO BURN HIS RIGHT HAND. +FD. DX: BURN HAND THIRD DEGREE RIGHT.

Age 79 · Female · All Parts Body · Anoxia · 2024

79YOF P/W SMOKE INHALLATION, PT STATES SHE HEARD THE FIRE ALARM GO OFF AND WALKED DOWNSTAIRS TO FIND THERE WAS SMOKE ON THE FIRST FLOOR, C/O SHORTNESS OF BREATH AND CHEST PAIN, NO FIRE DEPARTMENT, DX:SMOKE INHALATION

Age 50 · Female · Not Stated/unk · Other · 2024

50 YOF WAS FOUND IN HER LOW-INCOME HOUSING UNIT WITH THE SMOKE ALARM GOING OFF AND ITEMS BURNING IN THE KITCHEN. FD NS. DX: AGITATION, OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDER.

Age 11 · Male · All Parts Body · Anoxia · 2024

11YOM WAS INVOLVED IN AN APARTMENT FIRE LAST NIGHT. THEIR NEIGHBORS ALARM WOKE THEM UP. HE AND HIS FAMILY SUSTAINED SMOKE INHALATION. REPORTS MILD LEFT FOOT PAIN WHERE HE STRUCK IT ON SOMETHING. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT DID ATTEND. DX: SMOKE INHALATION

Age 12 · Male · All Parts Body · Anoxia · 2024

12YOM PRESENTS WITH MOM WHO STATES HE WAS INVOLVED IN A HOUSE FIRE LAST NIGHT. THEIR APARTMENT BUILDING CAUGHT FIRE. THE NEIGHBORS ALARM WOKE HIM UP. HE AND HIS FAMILY SUSTAINED SMOKE INHALATION. HE REPORTS MILD LEFT FOOT PAIN FROM WHERE HE STRUCK IT ON SOMETHING. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT ATTENDED. DX: SMOKE INHALATION

Age 57 · Male · Head · Contusions, Abr. · 2024

57YOM PRESENTS AFTER A SYNCOPAL EPISODE. HE WAS SLEEPING AND THE SMOKE ALARM STARTED GOING OFF IN HIS HOUSE. HE GOT UP TO REMOVE IT FROM THE CEILING. HE STARTED TO BANG IT AGAINST THE WALL AND THEN HE WOKE UP ON THE GROUND. DX: ABRASION OF SCALP

Age 52 · Female · All Parts Body · Anoxia · 2024

52 YOF WAS IN HER APARTMENT WHEN THE APARTMENT ABOVE HER CAUGHT ON FIRE AND SHE WOKE UP TO FIRE ALARMS. PT ENDORSES SMOKE INHALATION WHILE TRYING TO LEAVE THE APARTMENT. +FD. DX: SMOKE INHALATION, SORE THROAT

Age 16 · Male · Head · Internal Injury · 2024

16YOM PATIENT WITH HISTORY OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER WHO PRESENTS TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT AFTER HEAD INJURY. MOM STATES THAT AT APPROXIMATELY 1130 THIS MORNING, THE PATIENT BECAME AGITATED AFTER THE FIRE ALARM WENT OFF AT HIS SCHOOL, LEADING TO HIM HEADBUTTING A STAFF MEMBER WITH HIS FOREHEAD. DX: HEAD INJURY

Age 59 · Female · Shoulder · Other · 2024

59 YOF REPORTS FIRE ALARM WAS TRIGGERED, SHE STARTED RUNNING AND FELL. IT WAS A FALSE ALARM. DX: INJURY OF LEFT SHOULDER.

Age 83 · Male · All Parts Body · Anoxia · 2024

83YOM BIBEMS S/P FIRE-SMOKE INHALATION EARLIER THIS EVENING. PER EMS, PT'S FAMILY NOTICED THAT BUILDING FIRE-ALARM WENT OFF SO THEY WENT INTO HALLWAY AND NOTICED WHITE SMOKE IN THE HALLWAY. PT AND FAMILY THEN PROCEEDED TO GO TO FURTHEST ROOM FROM HALLWAY AND WAITED THERE FOR A FEW MINUTES UNTIL FIREFIGHTERS ARRIVED AND TOLD THEM IT WAS CLEAR TO LEAVE THEIR APT. DX: EXPOSURE TO SMOKE FIRE AND FLAME

Consumer Incident Reports

Reports filed by consumers on SaferProducts.gov.

9/9/2022 · Incident, No Injury · BRK Brands, Inc · Virginia

Had a pack of 6 First Alert smoke detector professionally installed in our home after we purchased it to update and they have been in now about 8 months. They all went off one day and we didn’t know why and smelt a strong electrical smell and had to call the fire department they couldn’t tell where to smell was coming from or find heat with heat gun. We have had the strong electrical smell in our home and different smoke detectors going off at different times finally started pulling down the smoke detectors and they are all burnt up and could have caught our home on fire if we didn’t find this.

9/9/2011 · Incident, No Injury · UTC Fire & Security · Unspecified

I think it is extremely important that a nation wide warning or alert be issued regarding the replacement of older model smoke alarms that may tie into a sprinkler flow switch (on any home that is equipped with a sprinkler system). Many of these types of alarms switched 120 VAC household current onto the interconnect wire. Modern smoke alarms utilize a 9 volt transistor battery as a backup. This is not a problem for new construction, but anyone contemplating a replacement of an older style smoke alarm should confirm the manufacturer type or model number. One very popular smoke alarm (that is no longer being sold or manufactured) was the Firex 428C. In fact this device was the unit of choice for anyone with a sprinkler system up to three (3) years ago. If you were to replace this unit with a modern [REDACTED] smoke alarm (as an example), wired it up in accordance with the instructions, and the flow switch tripped you would destroy all the interconnected detectors in the home and may even cause a fire. It may also be prudent to issue a warning about ensuring any alarms you do replace are compatible with each other and from the same manufacturer.

9/8/2017 · Injury, First Aid Received by Non-Medical Professional · UTC Fire & Security · Illinois

We had seven Kidde talking smoke/carbon monoxide detectors (KN-COSM-IB) in our home (manufactured in November 2010), and none of the smoke detectors work. We had a small fire in the kitchen, and none of the detectors triggered or sounded the alarm. It seems that they were/are not working, but we have fresh batteries in them, and when you press the test/reset they beep. But they don't seem to detect smoke or carbon monoxide, and don't seem to work/function properly. We took them back to Home Depot (in Homers Glen) and then took them to Menards (in Homer Glen, IL) and they would not take them back or exchange them (under the recall). We're extremely unhappy that Kidde made smoke/carbon monoxide detectors that don't function or work properly, and the vendors have failed to replace/exchange them.

9/8/2015 · Incident, No Injury · BRK Brands, Inc · California

First Alert brand, Model No P1210, Single Station, Photoelectric, 10 Year Lithium Battery, Smoke Alarm Smoke alarms fail before 10 year life. False alarm sounds. I bought 10 of these items (five 2-packs) from Costco in Mountain View, CA in July-August 2014. I installed the smoke alarms on 8/2/2014. 6 of the 10 smoke alarms have failed as of 9/8/2015.

9/8/2013 · Incident, No Injury · BRK Brands, Inc · Nevada

I had purchased a First Alert 120V AC hardwired smoke & fire alarm (model 9120B) earlier this year. I selected this model because it has a battery backup with an [REDACTED] 9V battery included. The battery was in its swing-out battery compartment. In the User's Manual, it did not instruct how to properly install in the battery. There were no markings on the alarm itself for where the battery's positive terminal should be place. So, I left the battery in the same place in its swing-out battery compartment as it was when I purchased this alarm. I pushed the door closed. Then, I noticed an opening under the swing-out battery compartment where I can see the battery's terminals. They were touching only plastic. I opened the swing-out battery compartment, and noticed that part of the compartment covers one of the battery's terminals. The battery is useless. It does not connect to anything electrical. There are no instructions in the User's Manual on how to install the battery, nor markings on the alarm itself on how to install the battery. Having the battery in the alarm is false security, and in case the hardwiring fails, the alarm will not have any electricity because the battery won't be installed properly. People depending on the battery backup could possibly die in the event of a fire.

9/7/2015 · Incident, No Injury · UTC Fire & Security · Unspecified

As we came home on Saturday evening we heard the fire alarms go off. After several types of attempts at silencing them, they shut off, except one. It chirped every 30s the rest of the night. It was finally disconnected Sunday morning with the help of a neighbor. Our poor cat was certainly in terror over this ordeal. Why didn't Kidde notify the builder that there was a problem with the product. I have heard two other homes in the community with the alarms sounding.

9/5/2023 · No Incident, No Injury · UTC Fire & Security · California

Kidde 10 year smoke alarm Model P3010L is only 1 year old and is going off randomly when there is no smoke. I blew air into it as advised from the manufacturer and this made no difference. It is a fire hazard because it has to be removed in order to sleep.

9/5/2011 · Death · UTC Fire & Security · United States

Note: As the CPSC is aware from my previous complaints on this issue, I am a Deputy Chief on the Boston Fire Dept. I have contacted the St. Charles Fire Dept. and will send them a copy of this complaint. However, since I am not a member of the local fire dept. I am forwarding this as a civilian. There were 4 victims in this fire: [REDACTED] (F-30), [REDACTED] (M-27), [REDACTED] (M-8), & [REDACTED] (F-2). In this fire (see news report below) the victims were trapped by a fire that apparently started near the kitchen. It is likely that this fire produced copious amounts of smoke into the living areas and egress paths before it was heavily flaming. There were multiple smoke alarms, all ionization, installed in this house. Here their locations. • Living Room (Ion alarm - melted on floor, in debris manufacturer unknown – interestingly this was found by insurance investigator similar to complaint I filed with CPSC from Rotterdam NY)) • Common Stairwell (Ion alarm - melted on floor, in debris manufacturer unknown) • Basement (Ion alarm – non operational) • Garage (Ion alarm – First Alert, no battery which would be expected of an alarm located in a garage) • Bedrooms 3 and 4 (Ion alarm - Family Gard melted but with batteries) • Bedroom 2 (No alarm) • Master Bedroom (Kidde 0916 with a battery) In this case all the smoke alarms were ionization. (The CPSC should not be surprised since CPSC estimates that 90% of all alarms are ionization.) In this fire the occupants appear to have been awakened by the smoke alarms. According to the one survivor, [REDACTED], he heard smoke alarms after being awoken by [REDACTED]. It appears that many if not all occupants acted in an altruistic and proper manner but did not have enough time to safely escape. It is highly probable that they did not have enough time because the ionization smoke alarms did not operate in time to provide adequate warning from smoke build-up. The 2 most important alarms were

Showing 8 of 260 reports.

Product Recalls

Search for active and past recalls related to fire or smoke alarms on the CPSC website.

Frequently Asked Questions

How dangerous are fire or smoke alarms?

Based on 20 years of CPSC data, fire or smoke alarms have a danger score of 40/100 (moderate risk). An estimated 1,555 ER-treated injuries occur annually in the U.S. related to this product category.

What are the most common injuries from fire or smoke alarms?

The most common injury is anoxia to the all parts body, accounting for approximately 6,234 injuries over 20 years.

Are injuries from fire or smoke alarms increasing or decreasing?

Up 38% over 5 years.

Who is most at risk for fire or smoke alarms injuries?

The 75+ age group accounts for the most injuries, with approximately 5,802 cases recorded over 20 years. Females are more frequently injured in this age group.

What happens when someone is injured by fire or smoke alarms?

Of all ER visits involving fire or smoke alarms, approximately 11.2% result in hospital admission. The majority of patients (88.8%) are treated and released from the emergency department.

How can I report a safety problem with fire or smoke alarms?

You can file a consumer incident report at SaferProducts.gov, the official CPSC reporting portal. Reports help the CPSC identify emerging hazards and trigger investigations or recalls. You can also call the CPSC hotline at 1-800-638-2772.

Safety Guides

What this means for you

Treat the 40/100 score as relative risk between products, not your personal odds of injury.

  • See where this category ranks against every other tracked product. Full rankings
  • Injuries cluster in the 75+ age group, take extra care if that describes your household.
  • Check for active recalls on this product before you assume it is safe. CPSC recalls

NEISS estimates ER-treated injuries from a national probability sample of hospitals; they do not capture injuries treated elsewhere or not treated at all.

Data: CPSC National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) 2005–2024 and SaferProducts.gov consumer incident reports. Injury estimates are based on a nationally representative probability sample of U.S. hospital emergency departments. This page is for informational purposes only and is not affiliated with the CPSC.