40
CPSC NEISS Data 2005–2024

Pedal-powered Adult Vehicles (three Or More Wheels)

Twenty years of CPSC NEISS emergency-room records for this consumer product category, combined with demographic breakdowns, multi-year injury trends, and matching recall notices.

Sports Protective Equipment & Gear · CPSC Code 3202

Down 14% over 5 years

The verdict

Pedal-powered Adult Vehicles (three Or More Wheels) carry a danger score of 40/100 (moderate risk), driven by roughly 700 ER-treated injuries a year that are declining by about 14% over the last five years.

40/100
danger score (moderate risk)
700
ER visits per year (avg)
18.2%
end in hospital admission
75+
most-injured age group

Every figure is rendered from the CPSC NEISS record for product code 3202 - last data year 2024.

PlainSafety danger score

0/100100/10040/100
PlainSafety danger score

Source: CPSC NEISS danger-score model As of 2024

How this 40/100 score is built

The score is computed from four CPSC-derived factors for pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels) - no opinion, no editorializing:

  • Injury volume700 ER visits/yr
  • Severity (hospitalization rate)18.2%
  • Fatality rate0.27%
  • 5-year trend-14%

See the full methodology for the exact weighting of each factor.

What the CPSC Data Shows

Pedal-powered Adult Vehicles (three Or More Wheels) (CPSC product code 3202, in the Sports Protective Equipment & Gear category) generate an estimated 700 emergency-room visits every year in the United States, adding up to roughly 14,006 ER-treated injuries across the 20-year span from 2005 to 2024. PlainSafety derives a danger score of 40/100 for this category (moderate risk), combining raw injury volume, demographic reach, severity of outcome, and multi-year trend. The five-year trajectory shows that injury counts are declining by about 14% over the last five years, with the busiest year on record being 2012 (1,203 estimated ER visits) and the quietest 2006 (102 estimated visits).

The single most common ER diagnosis for pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels) is internal injury to the head, accounting for approximately 1,848 visits across the 20-year NEISS window, followed by fracture to the upper trunk (903 cases). The 75+ age group absorbs the largest share of injuries, about 5,364 cases over the NEISS window, and females appear slightly more often than the opposite sex in that cohort. Severity outcomes from the NEISS disposition field show that 18.2% of ER visits involving this product end in hospital admission or transfer, and a small fraction (0.27%) result in fatality.

Beyond the hospital-sampled NEISS projections, this page also aggregates 6 consumer incident reports filed directly on SaferProducts.gov, plus 20 anonymized ER narratives - together forming a layered picture of how pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels) fail in real households. Every figure on this page comes from CPSC-published data: NEISS projects national estimates from a probability sample of about 100 U.S. hospital emergency departments, while SaferProducts.gov collects voluntary reports from consumers, manufacturers, and clinicians. The danger score, trend indicators, and demographic breakdowns update automatically when CPSC releases a new yearly NEISS file, which is why this page is dated 2024-12-31. For regulatory context, consult CPSC recall notices and the SaferProducts.gov public database linked below.

700
Injuries / Year
18.2%
Hospitalization Rate
0.27%
Fatality Rate

Annual Injury Estimates (2005–2024)

05001K2K 20052008201120142017202020232024 973
Estimated annual emergency-room visits for Pedal-powered Adult Vehicles (three Or More Wheels), CPSC NEISS

Source: CPSC NEISS national injury estimates As of 2024

Source: CPSC NEISS national estimates CPSC NEISS national estimates Injuries represent ER-treated cases only

Who Gets Injured?

Age Group Male Female Total
0-4 90 79 169
5-14 632 100 732
15-24 618 186 804
25-34 646 388 1,034
35-44 463 158 621
45-54 876 602 1,478
55-64 887 1,018 1,905
65-74 649 1,257 1,906
75+ 2,499 2,865 5,364

Most Common Injuries

Body Part Diagnosis Est. Injuries
Head Internal Injury 1,848
Upper Trunk Fracture 903
Head Concussion 522
Head Laceration 515
Lower Trunk Fracture 487
Head Contusions, Abr. 452
Upper Trunk Other 431
Face Laceration 372
Upper Trunk Contusions, Abr. 351
Lower Trunk Contusions, Abr. 345
Shoulder Fracture 339
Lower Leg Fracture 338
Elbow Contusions, Abr. 332
Shoulder Other 295
All Parts Body Other 294

Severity Breakdown

Treated/examined And Released 79.0% (11,059)
Treated And Admitted/hospitalized 14.9% (2,090)
Treated And Transferred 3.8% (526)
Held For Observation 1.2% (173)
Left Without Being Seen 0.7% (95)
Fatality Incl. Doa, Died In Er 0.4% (55)

ER Visit Narratives

Real anonymized emergency room reports from the CPSC NEISS database.

Age 74 · Female · Upper Trunk · Other · 2024

74YOF WAS GETTING OF HER TRICYCLE. HER FOOT GOT CAUGHT IN THE PEDAL AND SHE FELL ON HER BACK. C/O PAIN IN MID BACK. DX: THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINE PAIN

Age 77 · Female · Lower Leg · Laceration · 2024

77YOF PRESENTS AFTER FALLING OFF OF HER 3WHEELED BICYCLE WHEN SHE WENT TO ANSWER HER PHONE WHILE TRAVELING AT A LOW RATE OF SPEED AND TIPPING OVER. HAS ABRASIONS AND SKIN TEARS TO THE LEFT HAND/ELBOW WITH LACERATION TO THE LEFT CALF. DX: LEG LACERATION, MULTIPLE SKIN TEARS

Age 80 · Female · Head · Internal Injury · 2024

80YOF STATES WAS GETTING OFF 3 WHEEL BIKE AND STEPPED ON UNEVEN GROUND FELL BACK AND HIT BACK OF HEAD ON CONCRETE DX GROUND LEVEL FALL SCALP LACERATION HEAD INJURY

Age 75 · Female · Shoulder · Fracture · 2024

75 YOF FELL WHILE RIDING A TRICYCLE, BACK WHEEL HIT A CURB AND LANDED ON LT SHOULDER, CHEST WALL AND HITTING HER HEAD. WAS WEARING A HELMET. DX: CLAVICULAR FX

Age 84 · Male · Upper Trunk · Fracture · 2024

84YOM FELL OFF HIS 3 WHEELED BIKE, FELL ONTO LEFT ELBOW AND CHEST, SUPERFICIAL SKIN AVULSION TO L ELBOW, TAKES ***, DX ACUTE LEFT LATERAL 6TH RIB FRACTURE MILD AGE DETERMINATE T10 T11 VERTEBRAL BODY COMPRESSION FRACTURES

Age 81 · Male · Head · Internal Injury · 2024

81YOM WAS RIDING AN ADULT TRICYCLE AND WAS HIT BY A CAR DX: SUBARCHNOID HEMORRHAGE

Age 51 · Female · Lower Leg · Fracture · 2024

51YOF WAS ON THE SIDEWALK RIDING A TRICYCLE WHEN SHE HAD A FALL STRIKING HER RIGHT LOWER LEG DX: FRACTURED RIGHT LOWER LEG

Age 99 · Male · Elbow · Contusions, Abr. · 2024

99YOM FELL OFF ADULT TRICYCLE DX: R ELBOW ABRASION

Age 77 · Female · Lower Leg · Laceration · 2024

77YOF STATES SHE WAS RIDING HER THREE-WHEELER BIKE WHEN THE CHAIN CAME OFF AND SHE FELL DOWN ONTO HER LEFT SIDE. SHE SUSTAINED A LACERATION TO HER POSTERIOR LEFT CALF. DX: LACERATION OF LEFT LOWER EXTREMITY; LEFT LEG PAIN

Age 28 · Male · Lower Leg · Other · 2024

28YOM WAS ON A PEDAL BAR TONIGHT, (BAR ON WHEELS & PEOPLE PEDAL & YOU DRINK ALCOHOL) PT WENT TO STEP OFF & TRIPPED CAUSING RIGHT LEG TO BE RUN OVER BY THE PEDAL BAR, INITIALLY PT COULD AMBULATE, NOW NOT ABLE TO WALK ON RIGHT LEG, NO HEAD INJURY (BAL .030) DX FALL, RIGHT LEG PAIN

Age 65 · Male · Lower Trunk · Other · 2024

65YOM WAS RIDING A THREE WHEELED BICYCLE AND WAS HIT BY A CAR DX: LOW BACK PAIN

Age 65 · Female · Head · Internal Injury · 2024

65YOF PRESENTS WITH ARM PAIN AFTER GETTING IT STUCK IN A TROLLEY DOOR AND HITTING HER HEAD. DX: INJURY OF HEAD, CONTUSION OF ARM

Consumer Incident Reports

Reports filed by consumers on SaferProducts.gov.

8/11/2020 · Injury, Emergency Department Treatment Received · Big Cat HPV, LLC · Florida

I was riding a Catrike Expedition recumbent tricycle on the golf course cart pathway in [REDACTED] on August 23, 2017. The rear wheel ejected at approximately 11 mph and the trike flipped causing my head to hit the concrete and all four appendages to be injured. I attended [REDACTED] Emergency Room and was treated. I suffered permanent damage to the nerves exiting the foramen at Cervical Vertebrae 4 and 5, causing dysphagia, a life-long inability to swallow normally and breathe. The tricycle was examined by a renowned metallurgical engineer, [REDACTED] of the [REDACTED] engineering department. The quick release skewer that holds the wheels in on almost all recumbent tricycles (of which there are tens of thousands in use in America) is subjected to pressure that exceeds the ability of the quick release skewer to retain the wheel in the frame sixty fold greater than design. Every one of these recumbent tricycles that are not manufactured with a thru axle design are categorically unsafe. I am aware of at least 7 (seven) other riders who have been injured by the ejection of the rear wheel on a recumbent tricycle. Big Cat Human Powered Vehicles, LLC is the only manufacturer I am aware of in the United States. The company is located in Orlando, FL. After consultation with their counsel in early 2018 and demanding that Big Cat manufacture their tricycles with thru axles, in October 2019 Big Cat announced that all future trikes would be made with thru axle designs. Yet there are thousands of trikes manufactured before October 2019 made by Big Cat in use.

6/26/2012 · Incident, No Injury · CURRIE TECHNOLOGIES · Colorado

I bought this IZIP Tricruiser S/N ACB, Model#07KO11981 back in 07/22/2008, after we put everything together, it was ready to ride, when we rode on this Tricruiser, it automatically sledded out to your right side very fast. We rode it several times, it sledded out to the high way, so we never used it since on. it is still brand new. Right now, the manufacturer has sent me a recall letter today, after almost 4 years period. In the past four years, how many people have been involved the incidents? I hope this manufacturer needs to find out this issue when they were put out in the market. I recommend your Department taking away my Tricruiser with a Manufacturer full refund, and make a further investigation.

5/15/2012 · Incident, No Injury · OMEGA STORES · Florida

On March 26, 2012 I ordered a trike from Monica LLC - Omegastores P.O. Box 4572 Wallingford, CT 06492 Their e-mail address is omegastores.com their web site is wwwcozy trikes.com This trike came partially assembled. The handlebars baskets and front wheel needed to be assembled. This is an electric trike with a brush less motor mounted inside the front wheel. This trike was going to be used by my wife. She has MS and we believed this trike would give her exercise by being able to pedal and engage the motor when necessary. When I started to assemble the front wheel to the frame I noticed two spacers about 3/4 inch in diameter which butt up to the wheel bearings and then when attached to the front fork and the wheel nuts are tightened you have a tight fit. However, these spacers were machined on one side square with the body but the other side was obviously cut off with a saw. The saw cut end was cut diagonally so there is no way to have a tight fit against wheel bearings and the front fork. No matter how much torque is applied there would always be a misalignment due to the spacers being cut diagonally. Upon closer inspection I also observed that there were no front wheel locking mechanisms to hold the front wheel from coming off if it became loose. This in itself does not meet CPSC requirements. To complicate the matter this trike has reverse. It is my contention that when placed in reverse and then back into the forward position the the front wheel will shuck, the wheel could loosen and fall off. I notified the manufacturer and have told them I want to return the trike for safety reasons and I would not have anyone ride this product much less my wife who is handicapped. I sent them pictures of the spacers and advised them as well of non compliance to CPSC requirements. They will not accept a return of the t

4/7/2014 · Injury, First Aid Received by Non-Medical Professional · PACIFIC CYCLE, INC · New Jersey

Rear axle broke causing wheel to fall off this throwing me to the driveway. This is the second axle break in 2 1/2 years on this tricycle. See attached letter to Pacific Cycle, Inc [2/26/14] detailing complaint.

4/5/2021 · Incident, No Injury · CURRIE TECHNOLOGIES · United Kingdom

On a routine trip for groceries on my IZIP Tricruiser , whilst negotiating a downhill bend there was a loud crack ! from the rear of the trike . It was obviously serious and warranted an emergency stop . It was a terrifying experience as something had severly compromised braking effeciency and I was unable to avoid speeding around a blind single track bend before being able to stop . This could have been a very serious accident - Fortunately there was nothing coming in the other direction . I found then that the rear axle had broken in half . When trying to source a replacement ( to no avail ) I discovered that there had been a design fault and a resultant recall of this model .

10/5/2023 · Injury, Level of care not known · Inspired Cycle Engineering · Michigan

Caller stated that the bike while in use flipped and threw him to the pavement in the middle of the road. He stated that he fell on his face received minor bruises, fortunately no vehicles were coming. He stated that he hit the brakes, and it locked up causing the incident. No medical attention was received. The manufacturer was contacted, and the seller contacted him informing him that they never had a problem with the bike before. He stated that he took it to a bike shop for repairs. Caller feels that this bike poses a safety hazard and should be reported. (11/15/2023) Shortly after submitting my initial report to you, I called the manufacturer of the bicycle, ICE, located in England. I spoke to [REDACTED], a knowledgeable representative of the company. He apologized for the accident and shared that there is a history the bike flipping when the brakes are applied suddenly. He suggested that I practice "stopping slowly" in a parking lot to develop good muscle memory for this skill. Seriously, sudden stops are a way of life for a bicyclist. There are so many times it is necessary to stop suddenly including cars, pedestrians, dogs ect. This is a ridiculous concept. I've ridden bikes for over 40 years recreationally and while training for triathlons and haven't had an incident like this. I know on a traditional bike to use the back brake for emergency stops but on this bike there is no back brake. When I talked to the dealer that sold me the bike about the accident he told me to have the bike modified to use the back brakes. When I called the manufacturer they told me that doing that would result in the bike rolling over sideways and under no circumstances should I do that. They said the only way to avoid flipping the bike was slow braking. It took several weeks to get up the nerve to ride the bike again. I'm unsure now if I want to keep my ~$6000 bike. I feel like there should be a warning on the bike at a minimum and ideally a redesign of the brake

Product Recalls

Search for active and past recalls related to pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels) on the CPSC website.

Frequently Asked Questions

How dangerous are pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels)?

Based on 20 years of CPSC data, pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels) have a danger score of 40/100 (moderate risk). An estimated 700 ER-treated injuries occur annually in the U.S. related to this product category.

What are the most common injuries from pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels)?

The most common injury is internal injury to the head, accounting for approximately 1,848 injuries over 20 years.

Are injuries from pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels) increasing or decreasing?

Down 14% over 5 years.

Who is most at risk for pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels) injuries?

The 75+ age group accounts for the most injuries, with approximately 5,364 cases recorded over 20 years. Females are more frequently injured in this age group.

What happens when someone is injured by pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels)?

Of all ER visits involving pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels), approximately 18.2% result in hospital admission. The majority of patients (81.8%) are treated and released from the emergency department.

How can I report a safety problem with pedal-powered adult vehicles (three or more wheels)?

You can file a consumer incident report at SaferProducts.gov, the official CPSC reporting portal. Reports help the CPSC identify emerging hazards and trigger investigations or recalls. You can also call the CPSC hotline at 1-800-638-2772.

Safety Guides

What this means for you

Treat the 40/100 score as relative risk between products, not your personal odds of injury.

  • See where this category ranks against every other tracked product. Full rankings
  • Injuries cluster in the 75+ age group, take extra care if that describes your household.
  • Check for active recalls on this product before you assume it is safe. CPSC recalls

NEISS estimates ER-treated injuries from a national probability sample of hospitals; they do not capture injuries treated elsewhere or not treated at all.

Data: CPSC National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) 2005–2024 and SaferProducts.gov consumer incident reports. Injury estimates are based on a nationally representative probability sample of U.S. hospital emergency departments. This page is for informational purposes only and is not affiliated with the CPSC.