45
CPSC NEISS Data 2005–2024

Hot Tubs Or Home Spas

Twenty years of CPSC NEISS emergency-room records for this consumer product category, combined with demographic breakdowns, multi-year injury trends, and matching recall notices.

Home Furnishings & Fixtures · CPSC Code 698

Up 14% over 5 years

The verdict

Hot Tubs Or Home Spas carry a danger score of 45/100 (moderate risk), driven by roughly 7,642 ER-treated injuries a year that are rising by about 14% over the last five years.

45/100
danger score (moderate risk)
7,642
ER visits per year (avg)
9.0%
end in hospital admission
45-54
most-injured age group

Every figure is rendered from the CPSC NEISS record for product code 698 - last data year 2024.

PlainSafety danger score

0/100100/10045/100
PlainSafety danger score

Source: CPSC NEISS danger-score model As of 2024

How this 45/100 score is built

The score is computed from four CPSC-derived factors for hot tubs or home spas - no opinion, no editorializing:

  • Injury volume7,642 ER visits/yr
  • Severity (hospitalization rate)9.0%
  • Fatality rate0.49%
  • 5-year trend+14%

See the full methodology for the exact weighting of each factor.

What the CPSC Data Shows

Hot Tubs Or Home Spas (CPSC product code 698, in the Home Furnishings & Fixtures category) generate an estimated 7,642 emergency-room visits every year in the United States, adding up to roughly 152,830 ER-treated injuries across the 20-year span from 2005 to 2024. PlainSafety derives a danger score of 45/100 for this category (moderate risk), combining raw injury volume, demographic reach, severity of outcome, and multi-year trend. The five-year trajectory shows that injury counts are rising by about 14% over the last five years, with the busiest year on record being 2023 (10,242 estimated ER visits) and the quietest 2011 (5,835 estimated visits).

The single most common ER diagnosis for hot tubs or home spas is internal injury to the head, accounting for approximately 10,589 visits across the 20-year NEISS window, followed by other to the all parts body (10,093 cases). The 45-54 age group absorbs the largest share of injuries, about 20,965 cases over the NEISS window, and males appear slightly more often than the opposite sex in that cohort. Severity outcomes from the NEISS disposition field show that 9.0% of ER visits involving this product end in hospital admission or transfer, and a small fraction (0.49%) result in fatality.

Beyond the hospital-sampled NEISS projections, this page also aggregates 60 consumer incident reports filed directly on SaferProducts.gov, plus 20 anonymized ER narratives - together forming a layered picture of how hot tubs or home spas fail in real households. Every figure on this page comes from CPSC-published data: NEISS projects national estimates from a probability sample of about 100 U.S. hospital emergency departments, while SaferProducts.gov collects voluntary reports from consumers, manufacturers, and clinicians. The danger score, trend indicators, and demographic breakdowns update automatically when CPSC releases a new yearly NEISS file, which is why this page is dated 2024-12-31. For regulatory context, consult CPSC recall notices and the SaferProducts.gov public database linked below.

7,642
Injuries / Year
9.0%
Hospitalization Rate
0.49%
Fatality Rate

Annual Injury Estimates (2005–2024)

5K6K7K8K9K10K11K 20052008201120142017202020232024 8K
Estimated annual emergency-room visits for Hot Tubs Or Home Spas, CPSC NEISS

Source: CPSC NEISS national injury estimates As of 2024

Source: CPSC NEISS national estimates CPSC NEISS national estimates Injuries represent ER-treated cases only

Who Gets Injured?

Age Group Male Female Total
0-4 6,296 4,449 10,745
5-14 9,900 10,031 19,931
15-24 7,869 10,402 18,271
25-34 7,789 8,656 16,445
35-44 8,588 11,697 20,285
45-54 10,712 10,253 20,965
55-64 8,981 9,419 18,400
65-74 9,321 6,706 16,027
75+ 7,846 3,920 11,766

Most Common Injuries

Body Part Diagnosis Est. Injuries
Head Internal Injury 10,589
All Parts Body Other 10,093
Face Laceration 7,511
Ear Other 5,657
Lower Trunk Other 4,793
All Parts Body Submersion 4,547
Upper Trunk Other 3,878
All Parts Body Poisoning 3,706
Head Laceration 3,673
All Parts Body Derma/conjunct 3,324
Lower Trunk Strain, Sprain 3,150
Upper Trunk Derma/conjunct 3,009
Head Concussion 2,944
Foot Laceration 2,856
Upper Trunk Contusions, Abr. 2,549

Severity Breakdown

Treated/examined And Released 88.6% (135,389)
Treated And Admitted/hospitalized 8.0% (12,235)
Left Without Being Seen 1.4% (2,105)
Treated And Transferred 1.1% (1,685)
Fatality Incl. Doa, Died In Er 0.5% (751)
Held For Observation 0.5% (688)

ER Visit Narratives

Real anonymized emergency room reports from the CPSC NEISS database.

Age 36 · Female · Wrist · Strain, Sprain · 2024

36YOF WITH INJURY TO LEFT WRIST, FELL AT HOME IN A HOT TUB. DX: SPRAIN LEFT RADIOCARPAL JOINT.

Age 76 · Male · Not Stated/unk · Other · 2024

76YOM WAS DRINKING A BOTTLE OF WINE WITH HIS SPOUSE IN THE HOT TUB BAC 30 WHEN HE HAD A SYNCOPAL FALL NO INJURY FROM THE FALL DX: SYNCOPE AND COLLAPSE; FALL NO INJURY

Age 11 · Female · Foot · Laceration · 2024

11YOF WAS WALKING INTO A HOT TUB AND THERE IS SOME BROKEN GLASS ON THE GROUND AND STEPPED ON IT WITH HER RIGHT HEEL. DX: FOREIGN BODY IN FOOT, RIGHT, LACERATION OF FOOT, RIGHT

Age 41 · Male · Upper Trunk · Laceration · 2024

41YOM HAD SOME NECK PAIN TODAY, DECIDED TO DRINK SOME WHISKEY & GET IN A HOT TUB. GOT OUT OF HOT TUB, WALKED ABOUT 50 FT, BECAME LIGHTHEADED & FELL. DID NOT COMPLETELY LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS. HIS CHEST LANDED ON HIS TUMBLER & BROKE. HAS LACERATIONS TO HIS CHEST FROM BROKEN GLASS. ABRASION TO NOSE. BAL=42.DX: SYNCOPE AND NEAR SYNCOPE, WOUND LEFT CHEST WALL OPEN, WOUND UPPER ABDOMINAL WALL ANTERIOR OPEN

Age 53 · Male · Not Stated/unk · Other · 2024

53YOM PRESENTS WITH GENERALIZED FATIGUE AND NAUSEA. HAS ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY AND MELANOMA. HAS HAD MINIMAL SLEEP DUE TO RECENT TRAVELLING. TONIGHT HAD A SYNCOPAL EPISODE WHILE GETTING OUT OF THE HOT TUB. HIT HIS HEAD ON DRY WALL BUT DENIES ASSOCIATED PAIN OR TRAUMA WITH THIS. DX: ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY SECONDARY, SYNCOPE, GENERAL WEAKNESS

Age 16 · Male · Wrist · Fracture · 2024

16YOM PRESENTS AFTER SLIPPING WHILE GETTING OUT OF A HOT TUB INJURING HIS LEFT WRIST. HE WAS GOING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE HOT TUB AND LYING IN THE SNOW, AND HE SLIPPED ON THE ICE. DX: CLOSED FRACTURE OF LEFT WRIST

Age 59 · Male · Head · Internal Injury · 2024

59 YOM FELL GETTING OUT OF HOT TUB AT HOME, +LOC DX; CHI, SCALP LAC, ETOH NTOX BAL 18.6

Age 59 · Male · Ankle · Laceration · 2024

59 YOM C/O ANKLE LACERATION AND LOWER LEG FRACTURE AND ALTERED MENTAL STATUS S/P HAD A FEW MIXED DRINKS AT HOME AND WENT TO HIS HOT TUB OUTSIDE AT HOME AND SLIPPED IN THE SNOW AND FELL IN HOT TUB DURING ALCOHOL USE. BAL NOT STATED. DX: ANKLE LACERATION; LOWER LEG FRACTURE; ALCOHOL USE

Age 76 · Male · Upper Leg · Fracture · 2024

76 YOM DRANK ALCOHOL IN HIS CAR, WENT INTO THE *** TO SIT IN THE HOT TUB AND AS HE WAS GETTING OUT HIS HIP GAVE AWAY CAUSING HIM TO FALL. BAL 233. DX: FRACTURE SHAFT OF RIGHT FEMUR, ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE WITH INTOXICATION

Age 77 · Female · Head · Internal Injury · 2024

77 YOF GOT OUT OF A HOT TUB TODAY, FELT LIGHTHEADED AND FELL TO THE GROUND HITTING HER HEAD. SHE STATES SHE HAD A GROUND LEVEL FALL YESTERDAY AS WELL. DX: COVID-19

Age 69 · Female · Ankle · Other · 2024

69YOF PRESENTS WITH ANKLE PAIN AFTER A FALL YESTERDAY WHILE GETTING OUT OF HOT TUB WHERE SHE ROLLED HER ANKLE; PATIENT HAD A SECOND FALL LATER IN THE EVENING AFTER AN EPISODE OF DIZZINESS WHERE SHE LOST CONSCIOUSNESS; NO DETAILS ON SECOND FALL STATED DX: ANKLE PAIN, SYNCOPE, LOSS OF CONSCIOUSSNESS, FALLS

Age 33 · Male · Face · Contusions, Abr. · 2024

33YOM WAS IN HOT TUB AND WAS GETTING OUT OF THE TUB AND FELT DIZZY AND FELL ON RIGHT SIDE WITH RIB PAIN. PT ALSO HAS ABRASION ON EYEBROW DX; MSK PAIN, RIB PAIN ON RIGHT SIDE

Consumer Incident Reports

Reports filed by consumers on SaferProducts.gov.

9/5/2012 · Incident, No Injury · Summer Infant · California

The consumer stated that she had a bather with spa bubbles for her 4 months old son and the batteries were leaking orange acid. The consumer stated that she noticed that every time she uses the spa bubbles after she is done it will no longer work. The consumer stated that she has replaced the product 3 times. The consumer stated that this product uses 10 batteries. The consumer stated that she had to replace the batteries several time. She stated that she tried different brands of batteries and the same incident happened. The consumer stated that she placed bather on top of her bed. The consumer stated that she put water inside and then she noticed that the batteries were leaking and it damaged her mattress. The consumer stated that the head rest also had a defect. She stated that the head rest easily detaches. She stated that her 4 months old son was already moving his head and the head rest detached and the baby’s head fell back. The consumer stated that no one was injured. The consumer contacted the manufacturer and they mailed replacement to her. The consumer stated that she continues experiencing the same problem. CONSUMER ADDED: I went online to check the ratings for product and there were others with the same problem. I was informed the product was on recall for the headrest. I suggest that you look into it not only for the headrest but the batterycompartment. The product is expensive and does not work properly.

9/29/2016 · Incident, No Injury · MAAX BATH INC. / MAAX US CORP · California

On two occasions, my hot tub heated to a temperature of 140 degrees F. This occurred while my 4 year-old-granddaughter was visiting. Had she jumped in, it likely would have resulted in death or severe burns. The hot tub is manufactured by California Cooperage, Model 280, and uses electronic controls for the two pumps and the heater. Obviously, the over-temperature protection controls do not operate in a fail-safe condition to limit the maximum temperature to 108 degrees F as stated in the hot tub manual. After unplugging the hot tub and allowing it to cool to below 108 degrees F, the system appears to function normally again. I consider this product to be an extreme safety hazard that should be recalled and modified to operate in a fail-safe condition, whereby the heaters and pumps shut down when the temperature exceeds 108 degrees F.

9/26/2023 · No Incident, No Injury · Bestway Inflatables & Material Corp. · Ohio

Power adapter for Saluspa inflatable hot tub began smoking and melting. GFCI in the power adapter never tripped. Severe fire hazard.

9/2/2024 · Injury, No First Aid or Medical Attention Received · Renu Therapy · California

Renu Therapy LLC sells Cold Plunges to residential and commercial customers and have done so since 2019 or 2020. Their products, including the Siberian, Cold Stoic Classic, Cold Stoic 2.0, and Cold Stoic 3.0, use Ozone purification but they do not test or regulate the Ozone distribution or off-gassing. Employees and customers have expressed concern and did their own personal testing, finding that Renu Therapy Products emit ozone far over the legal limit. They know their product does not meet EPA standards. They are illegally and knowingly selling highly toxic products. Ozone is extremely toxic to inhale, and their tanks release much more than the legal limit. Thousands of their customers and employees are being poisoned. They were notified of this issue and refused to correct it. They do not inform their customers of the proper use or the risk of ozone exposure. Thousands and thousands of people have purchased their product for their homes, gyms, spas, health centers, and more; and they are all being unknowingly poisoned due to Renu Therapy's lack of care and absolute neglect.

9/10/2015 · Incident, No Injury · Emerald Spa Corporation · Michigan

Product is a hot tub. The bottom footwell area has a 12"x12" area that is sagging. It has an incline of about 2" when you step in your foot goes into a hole that causes you to trip. Manufacture replaced first hot tub that did this with new. Within 2 months the new hot tub has done the same and continues to get worse sagging in other areas. Manufacture says this will not hurt the use of it and it is not covered under warranty because it is not leaking water. This sagging is very dangerous, causing a trip hazard.

8/26/2017 · Injury, No First Aid or Medical Attention Received · JACUZZI BRANDS CORP. · Ohio

I went to get into my hot tub last night as normal, I turned on the lights and the display on it was showing 101 degrees as the current temperature. As soon as I stepped into the hot tub I had a searing pain in my feet. It turns out I received first degree burns because as I found out later using a kitchen thermometer the actual temperature of my hot tub was 126 degrees. When I tried to press buttons on the control pad all but the lighting buttons were un responsive, which caused me to not think twice about getting in. The control and froze one other time on this unit, however, I caught it early on before the temperatures ever rose and thought it was just a glitch and never thought twice about it. The model is a Jacuzzi J-355 the we purchased in November/December 2017

8/24/2021 · Incident, No Injury · MAAX BATH INC. / MAAX US CORP · Pennsylvania

The consumer initially contacted the firm on 7/7/2021 to request the recall remedy repair. The reps. ([REDACTED]) asked the consumer to send in pictures of the spa and said that they would respond to her once they received the pictures. She spoke with [REDACTED] on 7/26/2021 and was told that she was going on maternity leave. [REDACTED]provided the consumer with an email address. The consumer sent the pictures in on that day (3 emails total). The consumer claims that [REDACTED] (last names unknown) with Maax Spar, told her that her model number was listed in Recall# 18-120, but based on the pictures her model did not have the identified recalled part in it. The consumer attempted to follow up with the firm, numerous times by phone, to discuss this further, but was not able to get a live person. 7/21/2021: The consumer called the CPSC and reported her delay issues with the recall remedy. 8/23/2021: The consumer still has not received a response from the firm. • The firm’s recall phone number (MAAX Spas at 800-413-2704), is not currently working. There is a constant busy signal when you dial it. • The consumer found an alternate phone number for the firm: 480-895-0598. She called that number and spoke with someone, but did not receive recall assistance. However, the consumer said that American Bath Group (Tel: 800-443-7269), purchased Maax Spas. The consumer has attempted to follow up with Maax Spas several times, but they have never followed up with her. The consumer called American Bath Group and left a message for [REDACTED], who called her back. [REDACTED] was supposed to look into this situation further and get back to the consumer, but she has not. 7/26/2021: The consumer discovered a burn mark on the clean filter. The burn mark is approx.. 2-1/2” in diameter. The consumer’s son noticed that the filter’s silver insulation, also has a burn mark on it. This hot tub has Clean Zone, Plasma Shell technology (6 filters

8/24/2016 · Injury, Level of care not known · Jacuzzi Luxury Bath · Florida

Dear Gentlemen, Ser # BDPK7, model: LW45, Job: 16198 Subj: DeathTrap - Jacuzzi Walk-In Tub. On April 3, 2016, I signed a contract for installation of a Walk-In Tub. The agent was [REDACTED]. The Fairbanks construction Co. of Ocala Fl., installed the unit 4-1-2016. I was advised never to use the tub without the 911 alert system in reach. On July 18, 2016, after finally receiving the 911 alert, I decided to try the Walk-In Tub. After 30 minutes the tub filled with 50 gal. of water. I opened the air jets at my back. At that moment, I was thrushed forward, landed on my knees and my head was underwater. I was in panic and tried frantically to get a hold of the bar to pull myself up. I could have drowned. The Alert 911 would have been totally useless out of reach. The Walk-In Tub is a death trap. The tape demonstration and brochures given by the agent [REDACTED] do not compare to the tub installed. The Tub is an old model. The new models (copies encl.) require 30 gal of water and are half the size which was actually installed. It takes 30 min. to fill the tub with 50 gallons. The shower head is barely in trickle mode and does not work properly. Numerous calls to the agent, the Fairbanks Construction Co., and [REDACTED], installation supervisor, [REDACTED]; were not returned. [REDACTED] of the Fairbanks Co, was rude, who returned the phone call stated "you got what you ordered, you do not get another tub!" The agent [REDACTED], did not return any of my calls. Details re: water capacity was not disclosed and the publications were misrepresented. I am a senior citizen, 85 yrs. + and a victim of exploitation of the elderly. I live on fixed income and invested $15,500.- of my savings for health reasons, because my net worth does not qualify me for a senior establishment. I live alone and after my experience of almost drowning, I have not used the tub since. I cannot afford the loss of $15,500.- . I would appreciate your help desperately. I have e

Showing 8 of 60 reports.

Product Recalls

Search for active and past recalls related to hot tubs or home spas on the CPSC website.

Frequently Asked Questions

How dangerous are hot tubs or home spas?

Based on 20 years of CPSC data, hot tubs or home spas have a danger score of 45/100 (moderate risk). An estimated 7,642 ER-treated injuries occur annually in the U.S. related to this product category.

What are the most common injuries from hot tubs or home spas?

The most common injury is internal injury to the head, accounting for approximately 10,589 injuries over 20 years.

Are injuries from hot tubs or home spas increasing or decreasing?

Up 14% over 5 years.

Who is most at risk for hot tubs or home spas injuries?

The 45-54 age group accounts for the most injuries, with approximately 20,965 cases recorded over 20 years. Males are more frequently injured in this age group.

What happens when someone is injured by hot tubs or home spas?

Of all ER visits involving hot tubs or home spas, approximately 9.0% result in hospital admission. The majority of patients (91.0%) are treated and released from the emergency department.

How can I report a safety problem with hot tubs or home spas?

You can file a consumer incident report at SaferProducts.gov, the official CPSC reporting portal. Reports help the CPSC identify emerging hazards and trigger investigations or recalls. You can also call the CPSC hotline at 1-800-638-2772.

Safety Guides

What this means for you

Treat the 45/100 score as relative risk between products, not your personal odds of injury.

  • See where this category ranks against every other tracked product. Full rankings
  • Injuries cluster in the 45-54 age group, take extra care if that describes your household.
  • Check for active recalls on this product before you assume it is safe. CPSC recalls

NEISS estimates ER-treated injuries from a national probability sample of hospitals; they do not capture injuries treated elsewhere or not treated at all.

Data: CPSC National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) 2005–2024 and SaferProducts.gov consumer incident reports. Injury estimates are based on a nationally representative probability sample of U.S. hospital emergency departments. This page is for informational purposes only and is not affiliated with the CPSC.